"Hooverville" became a common term for shacktowns and homeless encampments during the Great Depression. In his Pulitzer Prize-winning 1939 novel, The Grapes of Wrath, writer John Steinbeck, vividly described his hardships as a young farmworker in the Weedpatch Hooverville near Bakersfield, California. After hosting several homeless settlements, the reservoir was dubbed the Hoover Valley and Depression Street. They were named after Herbert Hoover, who was President of the United States during the onset of the Depression and was widely blamed for it. OKIESOkies is a term applied generally to people from the American Southwest who migrated to the Pacific Coast, particularly to California, during the Great Depression. Hoovervilles of the Great Depression Daily Dose Documentary 6.73K subscribers Subscribe 223 Share 42K views 2 years ago For more episodes, please visit http://dailydosenow.com Today's Daily Dose. Hoovervilles were hundreds of crude campgrounds built across the United States by poverty stricken people who had lost their homes because of the Great Depression of the 1930s. Some were as small as a few hundred people while others, in bigger metropolitan areas such as Washington, D.C. and New York City, boasted thousands of inhabitants. 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Come learn about Hoovervilles, how they got their name, and. Advertisement. The New Deal Legacy & Impacts | What is the Legacy of the New Deal? Some of the homeless found shelter inside empty conduits and water mains. He explained that the population was fluid, as men sold their shacks to newcomers and moved on, and at its maximum during the winter months when it reached as hight as 1,200. In 1932, a new mayor was elected based on his support for the Unemployed Citizens League. var current_date = new Date(); month_value = current_date.getMonth(); day_value = current_date.getDate(); year_value = current_date.getFullYear(); document.write( months[month_value] ); was the 31st American President who served in office from March 4, 1929 to March 4, 1933. What were the Hoovervilles (Shanty Town) of the Great Depression? When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Grade Level. Hoovervilles primarily popped up on the outskirts of major cities. A survey located 1687 shacks in five substantial colonies and many smaller ones. After negotiating with the camps mayor, the Health Department agreed to let the residents remain as long they observed minimal safety and sanitary rules. A large number of small houses were constructed from scrap materials. President Herbert Hoover & the Great Depression, America During the Great Depression: The Dust Bowl, Unemployment & Cultural Issues, End of WWI, the Treaty of Versailles & the League of Nations, Ku Klux Klan Nativism & Eugenics | Movement & History. Herbert Hoover was a rising star of American politics when he won the presidential election of 1928. Including the veterans, their families, and other supporters, the crowd of protesters eventually grew to nearly 45,000 people. Most large cities built municipal lodging houses for the homeless, but the Depression exponentially increased demand. The Tacoma Fire Department burned down fifty small houses in May 1942 after Seattle destroyed Hooverville. Throughout the country, Hoovervilles, or makeshift shanties, would spring up to provide shelter wherever possible, often near water sources or the soup kitchens operated by churches and charities. The Seattle Hooverville covered nine acres of land on the tidal flats adjacent to the Port of Seattle. They are crowded, dirty, miserable, and they are places where the homeless gather to build temporary homes. The homeless clustered in shanty towns close to free soup kitchens. Hoover's other problem was his own personality. Who Were the Democratic Presidents of the United States? Seattle's decision to raze Hooverville in 1941 and expel its residents relied on a discourse of "otherness" that set Hooverville economically, socially, and geographically apart. In his estimation, prosperity would return if people would simply help one another. Why was the Shanty Town called a Hooverville? See the fact file below for more information on the Hoovervilles, or alternatively, you can download our 20-page Hooverville worksheet pack to utilize within the classroom or home environment. There were dozens in the state of Washington, hundreds throughout the country, each testifying to the housing crisis that accompanied the employment crisis of the early 1930s. Eight different Hoovervilles were established in Seattle, Washington, with the largest one lasting from 1932 to 1941 and built on the tidal flats adjacent to the Port of Seattle. Most Hoovervilles operated in an informal, unorganized way, but the bigger ones would sometimes put forward spokespersons to serve as a liaison between the camp and the larger community. The Great Depression was the greatest and longest economic recession of the 20th century. It was a period of the global economic crisis that began with a significant drop in stock prices in the United States. "Hoovervilles" were hundreds of crude campgrounds built across the United States by poverty stricken people who had lost their homes because of the Great Depression of the 1930s. Erected by unemployed lumberjacks on the tidal flats of the Port of Seattle, the encampment covered nine acres and grew to house up to 1,200 people. Many people turned to farming, and grew the food themselves, like fruits, vegetables, cattle, chickens, sheep, and hogs. While private and corporate philanthropy provided some assistance during the early 1930s, poverty continued to increase rapidly. "; The primary cause was rapid economic growth, which was accompanied by excessive risk-taking at the aggregate level in the market. 01 of 10 First Quaker President Hoover was the son of a blacksmith, Jesse Clark Hoover, and a Quaker minister, Huldah Minthorn Hoover. A "Hooverville" dweller, Circleville, Ohio, c. 1938. Homeowners lost their property when they could not pay mortgages or pay taxes. In 1929, unemployment was around 3%. Protest against Hooverville evictions (October 10, 1938)
[3] Report of the Sanitation Divison December 31, 1935 as quoted in Excerpt from the Health Department Annual Report 1935, Seattle Municipal Archives: http://www.seattle.gov/CityArchives/Exhibits/Hoover/1935ar.htm (accessed December 29, 2009), [4] Report of Shack Elimination Committee (April 14, 1941), Seattle Municipal Archives (accessed December 29, 2009), Civil Rights and Labor History Consortium. Encampments and shantytowns often referred to as tent citieswith similarities to Hoovervillesbegan appearing in parts of California, Arizona, Tennessee, Florida, Washington and other states. Chapter 1: The Great Depression Strikes Pennsylvania Chapter 2: Political Change and the New Deal Coalition Chapter 3: The New Deal in Pennsylvania: Public Works and Organized Labor Chapter 4: Popular Culture and Society in the 1930s Learn More Story Details Historical Markers In the Story Original Documents Story Credits Story Bibliography [3], The city tolerated Hoovervilles until the eve of World War II. This building housed a mayora's office and a commissary, or grocery store. Included are photographs, city documents, a 1934 sociological survey of residents, a short memoir written by the former "mayor" of Hooverville, and more. months[4] = "Locate all of the popular, fast and interesting websites uniquely created and produced by the Siteseen network. Most settlers were disorganized, and only a few established a form of government. Hooverville was a small town founded by homeless people in the United States during the Great Depression. Back to History for Kids. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Because of the lack of government, it took a lot of work. I feel like its a lifeline. These communities of shacks or shanties were called Hoovervilles, after President Hoover, who refused to help the growing number of homeless. New York City: Depression shacks "Hoover Village" in the old Central Park reservoir. He was the President, after all, and there were many things he could do--but he was in trouble from the start, for a couple of different reasons. As fears grew, many Americans believed the U.S. government could and should do something to help. During the Great Depression of the 1930s there was Mass Unemployment in America. A request from the city was that women and children would not be allowed to live in the shantytown. Roy found the relaxed social atmosphere remarkable, describing "an ethnic rainbow" where men of many colors intermingled "in shabby comraderie. By the time the U.S. entered World War II in 1941, enough Americans were working again that virtually all the encampments had vanished. The new mayor allowed the towns Hooverville to thrive and grow, even granting it some official tolerance. These areas were frequently on private lands, but the trespassing settlements were simply ignored as the crisis demanded. This drain reservoir became the site of an informal camp established by a few homeless people, but they were quickly evicted. It maintained itself as a free-standing community until 1936, when it was razed. Seattle lies on a narrow strip of land between the salt waters of Puget Sound and the fresh waters of Lake Washington. "Nobody Paid any Attention": The Economic Marginalization of Seattle's Hooverville, by Dustin Neighly, Seattles Hooverville: The Failure of Effective Unemployment Relief in the Early 1930s by Magic Demirel, Hooverville: A Study of a Community of Homeless Men in Seattle by Donald Francis Roy, The Story of Seattle's Hooverville by Jesse Jackson, "Mayor" of Hooverville, Seattle Municipal Archives Hooverville Documents. By the spring of 1932, when it could have most helped ease the Depression, Americas revenue from world trade was reduced by more than half. Men, women, and children living in Hooverville either relied on public charities or begged for food from those who had permanent housing during the era. When Roosevelt took office in 1933, he acted swiftly to stabilize the economy and provide jobs and relief read more, The Stock Market Crash of 1929 occurred on October 29, 1929, when Wall Street investors traded some 16 million shares on the New York Stock Exchange in a single day. Commanded by Maj. George S. Patton, the U.S. Army burned the Hooverville and drove the veterans out with tanks, tear gas, and fixed bayonets. until the land was needed for shipping facilities on the eve of World War II. The final decision to eliminate Hooverville was presented in a report from the Housing Authority. Write THREE true facts about this topic and ONE lie about this topic in the boxes below2. By 1932, Herbert Hoovers last full year in office, the U.S. unemployment rate had soared to 25%, with more than 15 million people without jobs or homes. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. The Shanty Town was not new to America. Create your account, 29 chapters | Some squatted, either defying eviction and staying where they were, or finding shelter in one of the increasing number of vacant buildings. The smaller camps tended to come and go, while the larger Hoovervilles proved far more permanent. Donald Roy created this map of Seattle's Hooverville. Home Facts Privacy About Blog Contact Terms. As the Great Depression worsened, so too did people's moods. Even during the worst of the Depression, most Hooverville residents continued to seek employment, often taking backbreaking seasonal jobs like picking and packing field crops. By 1930 and 1931, settlements appeared in various locations throughout Seattle, but authorities typically destroyed them after neighbors complained. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); By 1932, between one and two million American people were homeless. Hoover was largely blamed for the ineffective federal role to that point, and Americans were largely thankful to see their government trying any policy. Twelve million Americans, about 25% of the normal labor force, were out of work and many suffered poverty, deprivation and homelessness. months[8] = "This website is produced by the Siteseen network that specializes in producing free informative websites on a diverse range of topics. Inside Hoovervilles were houses called shanties . Report of Shack Elimination Committee (April 14, 1941)
On two occasions, the Seattle Health Department ordered the residents to leave and burned their shanties when they refused. The people who lived in a Hooverville or Shanty Town were men, women and children, black and white, from all walks of life, who had been evicted from their homes and made homeless due to unemployment in the Great Depression. Photo by Smith Collection/Gado/Getty Images. KidsKonnect is a growing library of high-quality, printable worksheets for teachers and homeschoolers. KidsKonnect is a growing library of premium quality educational materials, printable worksheets and teaching resources for use in the classroom. [2] Jesse Jackson, "The Story of Seattle's Hooverville," in Calvin F. Schmid, Social Trends in Seattle (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1944), 286-93. The Works Progress Administration (WPA) was an ambitious employment and infrastructure program created by President Franklin Roosevelt in 1935, during the bleakest days of the Great Depression. Click to see google map of shack towns in Seattle area and more photos and descriptions.In Seattle shacks appeared in many locations in 1930 and 1931, but authorities usually destroyed them after neighbors complained. In the aftermath of that event, sometimes read more. Democrats coined many terms based on opinions of Herbert Hoover[5] such as "Hoover blanket" (old newspaper used as blanketing). As America's housing and economic crisis worsened through 2009, homelessness was on the rise. This Hooverville had its very own unofficial mayor, Jesse Jackson. A Tarpaper Carthage: Interpreting Hooverville, by Joey Smith,
Interesting Facts About Hoovervilles During the Great Depression The Bonus Army of veterans built a large Hooverville in Washington D.C. that housed around 15,000 people. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Whenever possible, Hoovervilles were built near creeks, streams, and rivers to provide a source of water. "; Click the button below to get instant access to these worksheets for use in the classroom or at a home. The decision led to the establishment of the Shack Elimination Committee by the City Council. Even before the Great Depression, there were homeless people, but most large cities were able to build municipal lodging houses for the homeless. The answer to this question is practically anywhere. However, some countries retaliated by raising their tariffs, and international trade was hampered. He described the population as fluid in 1938, owing to men selling their homes to newcomers and moving on. Excerpt from "Seattle's Hooverville" by Leslie D. Erb (1935), [1] Donald Francis Roy, "Hooverville: A Study of a Community of Homeless Men in Seattle," (M.A. Robert Longley is a U.S. government and history expert with over 30 years of experience in municipal government and urban planning. His records show populations of Japanese, Mexican, Filipino, Native American, Costa Rican, Chilean, and Black men. A shantytown, also known as a Hooverville (named for U.S. President Herbert Hoover), was located in Seattle, Washington, during the Great Depression. Others were simply holes dug in the ground covered with pieces of tin. The inhabitants of the Hoovervilles and shantytowns in the 1930s were deprived of many of these basic needs - for additional facts refer to Poverty in the Great Depression. The Seattle City Council decided to close Hooverville in May 1941, despite the increased reliance on it for shelter. 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